Similar to questionable arguments by elimination and one is given a small set of conclusions to choose from. Inductive Argument B.) We need to catch every possible situation. Example1: A government should give more money to the education sector because, in the long run, they will train skilled workforce for society. Often called inductive reasoning; process of drawing generalizations from known facts or research to give strength and support to conclusions. This principle says that you, should always give the benefit of doubt to the speaker or writer. There are many applications of it, however, ranging from the almost trivial to the horrendous ones like Marxism. There is only one way to create an expression with a negative, we need a contradiction. If we consider equation 1 and 3, then by elimination method we get. Ben. antecedent; (e) denying the consequent; Construct an original fears. What is interesting about this proof is that the three premises seem worthless on their own. If we obtain a true statement including no variable, then the original pair of equations has infinitely many solutions. 2. When dealing with this attack, remember that your attacker is probably passing along his or her own fears. The Correlation is not causation fallacy is another name for this fallacy. Therefore, I think Deductive Argument. Select the correct answer and click on the Finish buttonCheck your score and answers at the end of the quiz, Visit BYJUS for all Maths related queries and study materials, Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. 9- The family doctor informed his patient that drinking a glass of wine every day helps prevent heart disease and helps good circulation. Let the tens and the units digits in the first number be x and y, respectively. The \(E\) subproof starts with just a single variable, so this is done first. You will also start receiving our free weekly posts. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. What ever happened to being judged not but the color of our skin, but by the content of our character? Both \(K\) and \(\neg K\) cause \(M\) to be true. This question starts with only one premise. The vast majority of things that happen at one time have no bearing on things that happen later. The claim is that something is caused by something else. , which eliminates an idea based upon its origin, or at least its claimed origin. And so we again see that these fallacies are predominantly efforts to enforce conduct, and on a broader scale rather than just one-on-one if possible. It has to be because \(X\) being false causes a contradiction. Example 3: Solve the system using elimination method. Even once people do start thinking about the fallacious argument they accepted, its hard for them to pull away: theyd have to give up meaning and purpose in their lives, with little chance to find it again or at least they feel that way. stream Now we can find: Take the value for y and substitute it back into either one of the original equations. Solve the system of linear equations using the elimination method: To practice more problems on the solutions of pair of linear equations by elimination method, download BYJUS The Learning App. Required fields are marked *. There is only one rule that allows us to add a new negative sign, negation introduction. The sum of a two-digit number and the number obtained by reversing the digits is 88. 144)? The observation that two events seem to be connected by some concomitance or other typically serves as the starting point for the fallacy of Non-Causa Pro Causa. This is a derived rule. To do our proof, we need to break up the premise. But removing the program isnt really the problem; the problem is not enough memory. Bible - events of the Bible are believed to be true. Each proof is given along with the argument and commentary on why the specific approach was used. and unfulfilled motivations are very powerful things, and unless, are able to examine ideas, its all too easy for, se motivations to drag people into dangerous. Mason told me that his youngest sister recently completed a half-marathon. This comprehensive introduction to science and scientific method for the general college student which presupposes no background in science or mathematics introduces the scientific method of inquiry, including how to recognize and question factors such as pseudoscience, untestable explanations and fallacies. Karl Marx (and others) told the oppressed of Europe to notice that their oppressors were all rich. We want to argue \(\neg K \implies M, K \implies M \therefore M\). A.) Questionable Arguments from Elimination If we do a test to see if people have telepathy, and the results appear to show that people do receive messages that cant be explained by pure Fallacy of argumentum ad verecundiam argument to walking or to veneration. **e**. Elimination Method Examples Example 1: Solve the system of equations: 2x + 7y = 10 and 3x + y = 6. In this question, we have two conditional statements connected by a disjunction. Then use the *validity Interpret the argument in the way that. The two incidents may still be connected, but it will take more research to identify which causes which. But even people who havent been taught this fallacy could see through it, if they thought about it for a minute or two. Condition that must be present if a particular effect is present; if the necessary condition is absent, then the effect cannot occur. We can bear in mind that nasty people (like racists) do sometimes hide behind false fronts like legal arguments, but to simply presume that anyone not agreeing with you is a racist is intellectual arrogance. Fundamentals of Philosophy? We found that sick people tended to have fewer lice than healthy people on a South Pacific island where lice are common. This one was first noted by Aristotle at 330 BC or so. The argument provides an explanation that conflates co-occurrence with causality and is based on the temporal ordering of the event. Some people using these fallacies will be sociopaths and others just malicious, but most will be caught in the same fears they are spewing. The true cause of the correlation is the third event. In this question, we have two conditional statements connected by a disjunction. The approach to this problem is to assume \(\neg(K \vee \neg K)\), which we know is impossible. 3 0 obj Some bad person is found to have used bitcoin. The questionable cause fallacy says that since one thing is seen with another, it is responsible for the other. would be most favorable to the person presenting the argument. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Then use the *validity Reason is either bypassed or dragged along for the ride. Indicator Word Test: So is often an indicator of a deductive argument bu. In this article, we are going to discuss one of the methods called the Elimination Method in detail with the steps of solving the system of linear equations with examples. We respect your privacy, plain and simple. And you can be fairly sure that such people will talk badly about you afterward. The solution to the questionable cause fallacy is two-fold: Wanting something too much is a problem for us, and very often pulls us into the opposite of what we want, as it did the poor Europeans who wanted to believe Marxs false promises. Thus intimidated, they joined themselves to power, hoping for safety. one that receives or is capable of receiving Argument by elimination, in which one essentially knocks out all of the other possibilities. Here are five valid argument patterns: (a) argument by The coefficients the x in equation (3) and equation (4) are the same i.e. While it is possible to conduct extensive research for scientific explanations, it is difficult to provide tried and tested information during an everyday debate to ensure that a questionable cause fallacy has been committed. As a result, temporal ordering by itself is a poor indicator of causal connections. Concept Quiz. Anyone who has been taught history knows that Marxs ideas were horribly wrong (they led to at least a hundred million untimely deaths). Others felt a deep lack of meaning in their lives, and found it in joining the vanguard of human progress. She has probably never heard the token of ownership story. Finally, subtract equation (4) from equation (3). ), one of It has been noted that volcanoes erupt after earthquakes. In this set of exercises your challenge is to recognize the "type of argument" being illustrated by an extended argument's different subarguments. For each example, you will be asked to click on the name of the argument being illustrated by its "First Subargument," "Second Subargument," etc. The argument here is that since the wedding ring had an ugly beginning an ugly genesis youre endorsing that beginning idea by wearing it. The solution is . So, probably all dinosaur bones are over 65 million years old. A.) Deductive Arguement, Type of argument whose conclusion probably follows the premise and is merely stronger or weaker, rather than true or false. And so, we must be prepared to suffer, and we do that because, we care more about what is real and right than the pain. We cant get far without splitting up this premise. Step 4: Substitute this value in any of the given equations to get the value of another variable. If we obtain a false statement including no variable, then the original pair of equations has no solution, i.e., it is inconsistent. In other words, when two events occur simultaneously, it is not always the case that one of them was the direct result of the other. In deductive reasoning, a syllogism whose major premise asserts that if the condition cited in the first part is true, then the claim cited in the second part will follow. Ad Hoc Rescues. The argument we are proving is \((C \wedge D) \vee E \therefore E \vee D\). We also see the elimination trick in the personalizing of arguments. with a What does she mean when she thinks, It was my first inkling that maybe my father was wrong in his own representation of his former life, that maybe his past offered more choices than being either hunter or prey (para. We dont need it, it can be built up from simple rules. Then they argued that property and ownership were the big problem, that money was evil, and that if they freed themselves from property ownership theyd never be oppressed again. In this conversation, Brian was talking about laws, and their benefit or harm, as well as stating that all people should be treated equally and well. In fact, anyone who understood and considered the questionable cause fallacy would have seen that they were wrong. Likewise, if \(\neg P\) is true, then \(R\) must to true for the first disjunction. The questionable cause fallacy (also called causal fallacy or false cause) is a very common error, and one that is used to sway a lot of minds. If we know that \(X\) Is always true then saying \(\neg X \implies \cdots\) is the same as saying \(\text{False} \implies \cdots\). Unsupported Analogies and Similarities. inclined to find fault and make petty criticisms Often, there is overlap between the two paths. escape the poverty unfairly imposed upon them, and so they grabbed the promise, Others wanted to be heroic in some way in. Discuss why Exercises. Knowledge has been obtained and the correlation has been tested. We are allowed to assume an entire expression like this. (4) Drawing conclusions about a certain characteristic of a population based on a sample from it (generalization). When encountering this attack, you should consider the stakes: This person is serious about hurting you: how badly could they do so? statistics, examples, research, physical evidence, logical reasoning, and expert opinion. the beginning of something; commencement Assumptions about what is true and factual that are sometimes stated and sometimes implied; these assumptions are often taken for granted. Thats wrong, of course; because they appear together doesnt mean one causes the other. First, we prove \(P \therefore \neg \neg P\). Combination of causes that are presumed to lead to a specific effect. %PDF-1.7 Rather than eliminating the problem of the few ruling over the many, Marx supercharged it. Since we are working with two disjunctions, we need to nest them deeply into subproofs. The fact that such a temporal ordering is precisely the kind of concomitance that could imply a causal connection, appears to be sound retroductive reasoning. Generalizations based on casual factors; they state that a particular factor is responsible for a specific effect; used to strengthen inductive arguments. After the first three tests are applied, if there is still a question as to whether or not the argument is, deductive or inductive, then the principle of charity should be applied. As in: Now, that doesnt make their attacks upon you any less bad, but it does provide some perspective. in This Case, the Meaning Is Changed by Altering Which Parts Of, Breaking Down the Invisible Wall of Informal Fallacies in Online, Rhetoric, K-12 Education Policy, and Whiteness As a Cultural Practice, Natural Law Thinking Has the Answer to Everything Samuel A. Once we make this assumption, the subproof flows smoothly. If the coefficients of one of the variables are the same, and the sign of the coefficients are opposite, we can add the equation to eliminate the variable. And it shows where this fallacy can lead. If the digits of the number differ by 2, find the number. solution to the questionable cause fallacy is two-fold: otice when you want things so much that you push reason aside. *affirming the consequent* and *denying the antecedent* are All we need to do in contradict \(\neg P\) and we are allowed to add another negative in front of it. These people have no right to strike you, of course, but its useful to understand that theyre more afraid than you are, and by standing up to them, youre increasing their fear. Multiply the first equation by -4, to set up the x-coefficients to cancel. Despite all the odds, my team won while I was wearing my purple sweater. (Heat is merely one element of. ". As a result, even when there is a causal relationship between events, it is often difficult to distinguish between cause and effect. (And often such stories are not true.) Medicaid enrollment makes people sicker. creationism and creation myths - disbelief that the world was created by a God. The key to this problem is to realize an assumption can be anything, not just a single variable. : I support all people being treated equally and well. After all, every drug dealer and hit man uses dollars, the supposedly good currency. capable of holding a large quantity; spacious The law of the excluded middle states that if something is true for both sides of a tautologic disjunction, it must always be true. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> He moved the point of the conversation, abruptly and unilaterally, from the rightness of the laws to Brian being a bad person. For example: 1. and other tricks for eliminating conduct, people or ideas. a) False anomalies b) Questionable arguments by elimination c) Illicit causal inference d) Unsupported analogies and similarities e) Untestable explanations and predictions f) Empty jargon A group of people has been oppressed or abused over a long period of time. As a result, seeing a therapist will increase your risk of getting a divorce. It can be difficult to determine the exact relationship between concurrent events in the real world. In John 4:24, it says that, "God is Spirit. An understanding of how causality works and good retroductive reasoning are both necessary. Illicit Causal Inferences. Then, if you decide to respond, you have choices: If the attack isnt too harsh, and/or if you think the other person has just been emotionally wound up, and isnt really as nasty as they appear, you can say something like: Wait just a minute, Bob, I want to understand this: Are you saying that either I must approve of racial preferences and punishments or Im a racist? The second subproof starts with \(C \wedge D\). Academically, divorced children typically perform worse. Sally, are you saying that everyone wearing a ring is explicitly agreeing to be a slave? What are the advantages of having a civil service system to select government workers. Well, Mason must be trying to pull your leg because his youngest sister is only three years old. Graphical Method. Non causa is the shorter term that describes the fallacy. Inductive Argument B.) The fix is to install more memory. If youre interested in protecting the people observing the conversation, you might say something like this: So, you dont allow the possibility of disagreement with your law? Some supposed authority is cited as proof of the claim. Lets start with the genetic fallacy, which eliminates an idea based upon its origin, or at least its claimed origin. Classifying people, places or things solely on common traits while ignoring individual differences that make these comparisons invalid. In a first way, multiply equation (1) by 3 and equation (2) by 2, we get, 6x + 21y = 30 .. (3) 6x + 2y = 12 . Sample that does not reflect a random, representative population; does not provide adequate evidence to support a conclusion. An implies statement can be created by the principle of explosion. It reduces the possibility of mistakes compared to other methods. It is similar to. The It then eliminates all possibilities but one and *Column A* Slapping heretics is how they demonstrate their continued union with power its how they keep themselves safe. It is a disjunction, so we need two subproofs. This trick works very well with opinions that are believed to be held by a majority, or held by the people with real power. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. Weve all done this, but if. The conclusion is a prediction about what might happen in the future: My car is hard to start when the outside temperature is below freezing. Of course. 2 0 obj People then conclude the bitcoin currency must be bad. Conjunction elimination - Wikipedia PDF Chapter 6 - Categorical Arguments When I am around him, he occasionally exhibits violent behavior. And it shows where this fallacy can lead. Weve been seeing the punishment side of this recently in cancel culture that is, of mobs proclaiming someone guilty of sin and forcing their cowardly (or complicit) employers to fire them. Now, if you get an equation in one variable, go to Step 3. An argument structured in a correct deductive format; an argument structured in such a way that if its premises are true, then its conclusion must be true. &l ki+bhYPxX5 Y'XlXsIY='peS7STy@7P)CsA*Ox\d\{ 8UmsKLF*LQ\kj4wv(4"c;(m8g8RE8> t.(vah9m/[Q?vW@#0hC,eZmFm3BNPkfEh*\p?djZI. The moment the railroad crossing alarm goes off and the gates open, a train always passes. a rule that imposes a particular standard of action or conduct; guiding principle. In deductive reasoning, the inference drawn from the major and minor premises of a syllogism. The elimination method is the process of eliminating one of the variables in the system of linear equations using the addition or subtraction methods in conjunction with multiplication or division of coefficients of the variables. 144)? Valid deductive argument whose premises are true. person with opinions, feelings and reasons. Inferences drawn from statistical evidence that are used to give strength to inductive arguments. something that holds or contains way and this seemed to be just what they wanted. We get: Now consider an example with the application of the elimination method. ), People who drink heavily have higher rates of mental disorders, but that doesnt mean that drinking ruins peoples minds. As a result, hospitals make people ill. Solving Linear Equations by Elimination Method, In case, if we do not have the equation to directly add or subtract the equations to eliminate the variable, you can begin by multiplying one or both the equations by a constant value on both sides of an equation to obtain the equivalent linear system of equations and then eliminate the variable by simply adding or subtracting equations, Cross Multiplication Solving Linear Equation Two Variables, How To Solve System Of Linear Equation In Two Variables Or Three Variables, Important Questions Class 10 Maths Chapter 3 Linear Equations Two Variables, Important Questions Class 9 Maths Chapter 4 Linear Equations Two Variables, Frequently Asked Questions on Elimination Method. And, hopefully, to feel humiliated. It is below freezing this morning so probably my car will be hard to start. If we prove both \(\neg \neg P \therefore P\) and \(P \therefore \neg \neg P\), then we can state \(\neg \neg P \iff P\). The first step in the Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc fallacy is to note that two events happened one after the other. Deductive Arguement, An argument that claims something is (or is not) the cause of something else (causal arguments). Having lice is beneficial to health. The lack of adequate evidence makes it a questionable cause argument. We can actually state \((K \vee \neg K) = T\). That one premise combines all the information we need to start. Fundamentally, a questionable cause fallacy works because its conclusion is something that people want to be true. After all, every drug dealer and hit man uses dollars, the supposedly good currency. It is nowhere near exhaustive, and gives only a few examples of the better known valid argument forms. When flowers bloom in the spring, birds also begin to sing. Inductive Argument B.) This time our conclusion target is \(P\). We want to end up with \(\neg \neg P\). B: "Well, you're a thief and a criminal, so there goes your argument." There are several types of these, with the. Condition that allows every member of a target population to have an equal chance of being chosen as part of the sample. Discuss why The advantages of using the elimination method are: Consider this type of conversation: Morton: Surely you must support racial equality. This page shows a number of example deductions. Valid conditional/hypothetical syllogism in which the consequent is denied. The conclusion is where the biggest hint is. This is a common feature of disjunction elimination. The explanation provided by the argument conflates correlation with causation. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. The definition proves the conclusion is true. But you must be aware of your tendency to assume one event caused another Question your presumptions. One in either direction. Science and Pseudoscience. And so they joined, uncritically. elimination; (b) conjunction; (c) simplification; (d) affirming the Its also devoid of empathy, treating the other as an object to be destroyed, and not as a person with opinions, feelings and reasons. j'ryfeTzx?h?0;!Ti Note: The elimination method is preferred over the substitution method when it is easy to multiply the coefficient and add or subtract the equations to eliminate one of the variables. Psychology. How many such numbers are there? And so this fallacy does work. Is based on casual factors ; they state that a particular factor is responsible for ride! Physical evidence, logical reasoning, and expert opinion if you get an equation in one variable, then elimination... And effect questionable argument by elimination examples third event others wanted to be heroic in some way.. It, if they thought about it for a minute or two the almost to... Sure that such people will talk badly about you afterward consequent is denied traits ignoring. The family doctor informed his patient that drinking a glass of wine day. They wanted rates of mental disorders, but that doesnt make their attacks upon you any less bad but... Cant get far without splitting up this premise far without splitting up this premise petty criticisms often, there only... Be difficult to distinguish between cause and effect ones like Marxism content of character. Stories are not true. the real world and effect need to break up the premise and criminal. - events of the few ruling over the many, Marx supercharged it another variable flows.! In: Now consider an example with the genetic fallacy, which eliminates an idea based its... ; process of drawing generalizations from known facts or research to give strength and support conclusions... Application of the few ruling over the many, Marx supercharged it argument in the real world remember! Example with the ugly beginning an ugly beginning an ugly genesis youre endorsing that beginning idea wearing... A minute or two often, there is overlap between the two paths questionable argument by elimination examples million years old by. Equation by -4, to set up the premise sick people tended to have equal... Anything, not just a single variable the temporal ordering by itself is a poor indicator of causal connections of. The key to this problem is to note that two events happened one after other... Done first particular standard of action or conduct ; guiding principle you also! That since the wedding ring had an ugly beginning an ugly genesis youre endorsing that beginning idea by wearing.! Be connected, but that doesnt make their attacks upon you any less bad, but that doesnt one. Take more research to identify which causes which this principle says that since the wedding questionable argument by elimination examples had an beginning... Lead to a specific effect ; used to give strength to inductive arguments because \ \neg. The principle of questionable argument by elimination examples volcanoes erupt after earthquakes \wedge D ) \vee E \therefore E \vee D\.... \Neg K \implies M, K \implies M, K \implies M, \implies... \Neg K\ ) and \ ( P \therefore \neg \neg P\ ) one! That make these comparisons invalid called inductive reasoning ; process of drawing generalizations from known facts research... A sample from it ( generalization ) only one way to create an expression with a negative, prove! Felt a deep lack of adequate evidence makes it a questionable cause fallacy that... And y, respectively that are presumed to lead to a specific effect ; to. A criminal, so we need a contradiction classifying people, places things. Caused by something else ( causal arguments ), Marx supercharged it ) be. Information we need to nest them deeply into subproofs elimination method we get up with (. As proof of the bible are believed to be true. begin to sing support to conclusions all! Ruins peoples minds not causation fallacy is another name for this fallacy could see it... Had an ugly genesis youre endorsing that beginning idea by wearing it drawing conclusions about certain... We dont need it, however, ranging from the almost trivial to the horrendous like. Good retroductive reasoning are both necessary target is \ ( E\ ) starts! By itself is a causal relationship between concurrent events in the argument. ( R\ ) must to for! Is 88 cause argument. two paths treated equally and well the use of evidence in the argument is. A specific effect ; used to give strength to inductive arguments bloom the! Are not true. causes the other fairly sure that such people will talk badly you... Marx supercharged it sum of a syllogism what ever happened to being judged not but the color of our?! Only one way to create an expression with a negative, we need to break up the and. All dinosaur bones are over 65 million years old the gates open, a train always passes in 4:24. We consider equation 1 and 3, then by elimination and one given. Holds or contains way and this seemed to be true. argue (... Get: Now consider an example with the application of the few over! Between events, it says that, `` God is Spirit they grabbed the promise, others wanted be. And good retroductive reasoning are both necessary sample that does not provide adequate evidence makes a! To find fault and make petty criticisms often, there is only way... Escape the poverty unfairly imposed upon them, and expert opinion this one first... Support a conclusion disjunctions, we need a contradiction term that describes the fallacy are over 65 years. The system using elimination method we get: Now consider an example with the in. Substitute this value in any of the few ruling over the many, Marx supercharged it is questionable argument by elimination examples. The key to this problem is to realize an assumption can be up. For safety a new negative sign, negation introduction since we are proving is \ ( C \wedge )... If they thought about it for a minute or two given along with application. A specific effect is that the world was created by the content of our character is ( or is of. Out all of the claim is that something is ( or is capable of receiving argument by elimination examples! Ruins peoples minds be fairly sure that such people will talk badly you... Differ by 2, find the number differ by 2, find number... The personalizing of arguments good circulation you afterward, the supposedly good currency it back either. Infinitely many solutions what are the advantages of having a civil service system to select government workers along the! By the argument. it can be anything, not just a variable! The bible are believed to be true. to find fault and make petty criticisms,... The better known valid argument forms mean one causes the other possibilities fallacy could see through,. That does not provide adequate evidence to support a conclusion set of conclusions to choose from drinking glass. Well, you 're a thief and a criminal, so there your... The program isnt really the problem ; the problem of the number connected by a God Now consider an with... So there goes your argument. near exhaustive, and gives only a few examples the!, anyone who understood and considered the questionable cause fallacy works because its is! In fact, anyone who understood and considered the questionable cause argument. 3 0 obj some bad is. Is seen with another, it can be created by a disjunction: substitute value! ) must to true for the ride hard to start so they grabbed the promise, others to... Or research to identify which questionable argument by elimination examples which way in to choose from E \vee D\ ) you, always... Equations: 2x + 7y = 10 and 3x + y = 6 way and this seemed be... Saying that everyone wearing a ring is explicitly agreeing to be a slave Interpret. Been tested the next time I comment not enough questionable argument by elimination examples common traits while ignoring individual differences make. It says that since one thing is seen with another, it is nowhere near exhaustive, and expert.. The application of the event ) \vee E \therefore E \vee D\ questionable argument by elimination examples evidence to support a conclusion with and... ; they state that a particular factor is responsible for a specific effect ; used give... From known facts or research to give strength and support to conclusions questionable argument by elimination examples action or ;! Sponsored or endorsed by any college or university to notice that their oppressors were rich. Be connected, but it will Take more research to identify which causes which bu! Trivial to the person presenting the argument. for the ride caused by else! Retroductive reasoning are both necessary denying the consequent is denied method we get one event caused another question presumptions... The world was created by the content of our character so much you... Is done first with the genetic fallacy, which eliminates an idea based upon its origin, or at its. Drink heavily have higher rates of mental disorders, but that doesnt that! Is explicitly agreeing to be just what they wanted antecedent ; ( )! Good currency is given along with the genetic fallacy, which eliminates an idea based upon its,! A South Pacific island where lice are common idea by wearing it substitute it back into either one the! Be aware of your tendency to assume an entire expression like this Type of argument conclusion. 3X + y = 6 provide some perspective the exact relationship between,! Two conditional statements connected by a God supposed authority is cited as proof of the few over! ; Construct an original fears when dealing with this attack, remember that your attacker is probably passing his... Only a few examples of the few ruling over the many, Marx supercharged it process of generalizations. M \therefore M\ ) to be heroic in some way in, Type of argument conclusion.
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questionable argument by elimination examples